4000 Essential English Words 6 » Unit 2: The Fossil Hunters

Word List
  • arduous [ˈɑːrdjʊəs] adj.
    When something is arduous, it demands great effort or labor.
    The explorers began their arduous hike up the steep mountain.
  • attain [əˈtein] v.
    To attain something means to gain or achieve it, often after a lot of effort.
    In two more years, I will attain my high school diploma.
  • coexist [ˈkouigˈzist] v.
    To coexist with something means to exist with it in the same time and place.
    Our pets coexist at our home with little or no problems.
  • conceive [kənˈsiːv] v.
    To conceive something means to be able to imagine or believe it.
    The child could not conceive the actual size of the Earth.
  • dubious [ˈdjuːbiəs] adj.
    When something or someone is dubious, they are not considered honest.
    The police thought that the man’s description of the crime was dubious.
  • ego [ˈiːgou] n.
    An ego is a person’s sense of their own worth.
    Kelly’s ego made her think that she was some kind of a superhero.
  • elastic [iˈlæstik] n.
    Elastic is a rubber that stretches when it is pulled.
    He attached the elastic bungee to his legs before he jumped off the platform.
  • endeavor [enˈdevər] n.
    An endeavor is an attempt to do something, especially something new or original.
    The company’s new advertising endeavor ended in a horrible failure.
  • engrave [inˈgreiv] v.
    To engrave means to cut a design or words into the surface of something.
    The couple engraved their names onto the old pine tree.
  • excavate [ˈekskəveit] v.
    To excavate means to dig on land and remove dirt to look for something.
    The team wishes to excavate the site in hopes of finding fossils.
  • jagged [ˈdʒӕgid] adj.
    When something is jagged, it has a tough, uneven shape or edge.
    The swimmer was hurt when he fell on the jagged rocks.
  • locale [louˈkæl] n.
    A locale is a small area or place where something specific happens.
    The spa was the perfect locale for my mother to relax and enjoy her vacation.
  • mold [mould] n.
    A mold is a hollow container that is used to make certain shapes.
    Using a cupcake mold will ensure that they come out just right.
  • outright [autˈrait] adj.
    When something is outright, it is open and direct.
    Everyone knew that the boy’s story was an outright lie.
  • periphery [pəˈrifəri] n.
    The periphery of an area, place, or thing is the edge of it.
    A beautiful floral pattern is on the periphery of the stationery.
  • plaster [ˈplæstər] n.
    Plaster is a smooth paste that gets hard when it dries.
    He used plaster to fill in the cracks in the old walls.
  • shovel [ˈʃʌvəl] n.
    A shovel is a tool with a long handle that is used for digging.
    The boy grabbed his shovel and got all of the snow off of the sidewalk.
  • skeletal [ˈskelətl] adj.
    When something is skeletal, it relates to bones in the body.
    We studied the skeletal system in anatomy class.
  • terrestrial [təˈrestriəl] adj.
    If something is terrestrial, it relates to Earth.
    There are billions of terrestrial life forms.
  • vicious [ˈviʃəs] adj.
    When something or someone is vicious, they are violent and cruel.
    The vicious dog tried to bite the small child.
Exercise 1

Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.

  1. He chose to make his sculpture out of a smooth paste that hardens when it dries.
    ____________
  2. Our violent and cruel boss forced us to work twelve hours in a row without a break.
    ____________
  3. The race was close, so it was difficult to determine an open and direct winner.
    ____________
  4. This is the perfect small area where something happens for a picnic.
    ____________
  5. Truck drivers often stay awake for many hours to make their difficult and tiring drives.
    ____________
  6. The salesperson’s claim seemed quite dishonest, unsafe, and unreliable.
    ____________
  7. Mike was thrilled to pass the driving test and gain his driver’s license.
    ____________
  8. Physics on the moon are much different than Earth-related physics.
    ____________
  9. The prisoners were unable to imagine and believe a plot for escaping the jail.
    ____________
  10. To plant these seeds, I will first need to buy a tool used for digging.
    ____________
Exercise 2

Choose the answer that best fits the question.

  1. What might a person with a large ego say?
    • a. “ I am the best.”
    • b. “ I can’t do it.”
    • c. “ I’m hungry.’
    • d. “ I’m sorry.”
  2. Which is likely to be jagged?
    • a. A doll
    • b. A cliff
    • c. A cloud
    • d. A pillow
  3. Which is likely to be excavated?
    • a. Water
    • b. A sofa
    • c. A computer
    • d. The ground
  4. What is part of the skeletal system?
    • a. The skin
    • b. The tongue
    • c. The skull
    • d. The fingernails
  5. What is an example of an endeavor?
    • a. Waking up
    • b. Inventing a new machine
    • c. Making coffee
    • d. Combing your hair
Exercise 3

Write C if the italicized word is used correctly. Write I if the word is used incorrectly.

  1. ______ The alarm clock was set to endeavor every morning at seven A.M.
  2. ______ Experts excavated the site in hopes of finding an ancient city buried underneath.
  3. ______ Everyone loved to hug and kiss the vicious baby.
  4. ______ The elephant is one of the largest terrestrial animals still in existence.
  5. ______ The dubious chocolate ice cream is a favorite treat at the restaurant.
  6. ______ The concerned owner built a fence along the periphery of the parking lot.
  7. ______ Preparing for the difficult test was an arduous task for the nervous students.
  8. ______ You’ll need a shovel if you plan on getting on top of the roof.
  9. ______ The delicate flower was a jagged addition to the arrangement.
  10. ______ Children cheered as the circus clown attained balloons into different shapes.
  11. ______ He filled the ugly holes in the ceiling with plaster.
  12. ______ At the factory, the workers made screws by pouring liquid metal into a mold.
  13. ______ I hope she is able to engrave all of her homework before school tomorrow.
  14. ______ I cannot conceive the reason why he would act in such a mean way.
  15. ______ The small fights and arguments eventually led to an outright war.
  16. ______ When the glass vase fell to the floor, we heard an elastic sound.
  17. ______ She bought a cute new ego from the pet store today.
  18. ______ We need to choose a locale for Brian’s birthday party.
  19. ______ Derrick bought a skeletal from that new clothing store downtown.
  20. ______ Although they were rivals, the stores were able to coexist in the same neighborhood.
Answer Key
Exercise 1
  1. plaster
  2. vicious
  3. outright
  4. locale
  5. arduous
  6. dubious
  7. attain
  8. terrestrial
  9. conceive
  10. shovel
Exercise 2
  1. a
  2. b
  3. d
  4. c
  5. b
Exercise 3
  1. I
  2. C
  3. I
  4. C
  5. I
  6. C
  7. C
  8. I
  9. I
  10. I
  11. C
  12. C
  13. I
  14. C
  15. C
  16. I
  17. I
  18. C
  19. I
  20. C
Answer Key
The Fossil Hunters

Tim and Dean were great fossil hunters. They were the very best at finding dinosaur bones. Although Tim and Dean were quite similar, they were outright enemies. The two men got into vicious arguments all the time. They couldn’t coexist peacefully because their egos were too large. Tim thought he was the best fossil hunter, while Dean was sure that he was much better than Tim.

One day, Tim was searching for fossils on the periphery of the city when he discovered a huge bone. He had never seen anything like it! He took his shovel and carefully excavated the dirt around it. As he dug, he uncovered more jagged bones. He realized that he had found an entire dinosaur skeleton! Tim couldn’t conceive a plan to remove the huge skeleton all by himself. Such an endeavor would be too arduous. He needed help. He tried to think of people who would be capable of helping him remove the skeleton without breaking it. The only person Tim could think of was Dean, his enemy.

Tim ran into the city to find Dean. Tim found him and said, “ Dean, I’ve found the skeletal remains of a huge terrestrial animal. But I can’t get the skeleton out by myself. Will you please help me?

Dean thought that Tim’s claim might be dubious. He replied, “ If you’re serious about the skeleton, I’ll help.”

Tim excitedly showed Dean the skeleton’s locale. They worked together to carefully remove each bone. And to keep the bones together, they tied them with elastic strips. When they were finished, they had attained a perfect skeleton. They used plaster to make a mold of the dinosaur’s skull. They engraved their initials into it and gave it to the curator of a local museum.

Tim and Dean found out that they could work very well together. They decided to end their feud and become friends. By combining their talents, the men became even greater than they were before.

Reading Comprehension

Part A: Mark each statement T for true or F for false. Rewrite the false statements to make them true.

  1. _____ Tim and Dean were outright enemies who got into vicious arguments.
    • _____________________________________________________
  2. _____ Tim and Dean removed the jagged bones and used elastic to attain them.
    • _____________________________________________________
  3. _____ Tim couldn’t conceive a plan to remove the bones because the endeavor would be too arduous.
    • _____________________________________________________
  4. _____ Dean thought that Tim’s ego might be dubious.
    • _____________________________________________________
  5. _____ When Tim excavated the land, he uncovered many engraved bones.
    • _____________________________________________________

Part B: Answer the questions.

  1. Why couldn’t Tim and Dean coexist peacefully?
    _____________
  2. What did Tim use his shovel to do?
    _____________
  3. What was Tim doing on the periphery of the city?
    _____________
  4. What did the fossil hunters do to the plaster mold before they gave it to the curator?
    _____________
  5. What did Dean say before he went to the locale of the terrestrial animal’s skeletal remains?
    _____________
Answer Key
Answer Key
Reading Comprehension
Part A
  1. T
  2. F / Tim and Dean removed the jagged bones and used elastic to tie them together.
  3. T
  4. F / Dean thought Tim’s claim might be dubious.
  5. F / When Tim excavated the land, he uncovered many jagged bones.
Part B
  1. Their egos were too large.
  2. Tim used his shovel to carefully excavate the land around the bone.
  3. Tim was searching for fossils.
  4. They engraved their initials into it.
  5. “If you’re serious about the skeleton, I’ll help.”
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The activities in "4000 Essential English Words" are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. 4000 Essential English Words 1: 600 words (Unit 1 - Unit 30).

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The activities in "4000 Essential English Words" are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. 4000 Essential English Words 2: 600 words (Unit 1 - Unit 30).

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The activities in "4000 Essential English Words" are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. 4000 Essential English Words 3: 600 words (Unit 1 - Unit 30).

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The activities in "4000 Essential English Words" are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. 4000 Essential English Words 4: 600 words (Unit 1 - Unit 30).

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The activities in "4000 Essential English Words" are specially designed to make use of important learning conditions. Firstly, the words are introduced using sentence definitions and an example sentence. 4000 Essential English Words 5: 600 words (Unit 1 - Unit 30).

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